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The forest of Mechanical Engineering)




















MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS

Chapter 1. Introduction to Control Systems

A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to

achieve a desired purpose.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response.






An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly without using feedback.
Open loop system :(manual)
Closed loop system(or Feedback loop system):(Automatic)

*Automation:

(without human being)





A closed-loop control system a measurement of the output and feedback of this signal to compare it with the desired input(reference or command).









1.2 HISTORY OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL

-¾×ü ³ô³·ÀÌ Á¦¾î(Liquid level control)

B.C. 300³â°æ ±×¸®½º Ktesibios ¹°½Ã°è.

ºñÀÜÆ¾ Philon ±â¸§·¥ÇÁ.

-Áõ±â¾Ð°ú ¿ÂµµÁ¦¾î

Áõ±â¾ÐÁ¦¾î - 1681³â°æ Denis Papin ¾ÈÀü¹ëºê ¹ß¸í.

¿ÂµµÁ¦¾î - 17¼¼±â°æ ³×µé¶õµå Cornelis Drebbel ´Þ°¿ºÎÈ­¿ë ¿Âµµ Á¦¾î ÀåÄ¡.

-¼ÓµµÁ¦¾î

1745³â Edmud Lee ¼Óµµ¸¦ Á¦¾îÇϱâ À§ÇØ È¸Àü±¸ ¼ÓµµÁ¦¾î±â(flyball speed

governor)¸¦ ¹ß¸í.

-¾ÈÁ¤µµ, ¾ÈÁ¤È­ ¹× Á¶Á¾

1868³â James Clerk Maxwell - ¹ÌºÐ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀÇ °è¼ö¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ 3Â÷ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤µµ

ÆÇº°¹ý ¹ßÇ¥.

1874³â Edward John Routh´Â William Kingdom CliffordÀÇ Á¦¾È(MaxwellÀº °í·ÁÇÏÁö

¾ÊÀ½)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¾ÈÁ¤µµ ÆÇº°À» 5Â÷ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ±îÁö È®Àå.

1877³â Adams PrizeÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦ "The Criterion of Dynamical Stability" À̶§ Routh´Â

"A Treatise on the Stability of a Given State of Motion"À̶õ Á¦¸ñÀÇ ³í¹®À»

Á¦ÃâÇÏ¿© ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹ÞÀ½.

Alexandr Michailovich Lyapunov´Â Çö´ë Á¦¾î½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤µµÀÌ·Ð ¹× Àû¿ë

¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âÃÊ È®¸³.

-20¼¼±â °³¹ßǰ

1922³â Sperry Gyroscope ÁÖ½Äȸ»ç´Â ÀûÀÀÁ¦¾î¿Í º¸»ó¿ø¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÀÚµ¿Á¶Å¸½Ã½ºÅÛ

°³¹ß.

¿À´Ã³¯ ÀÚµ¿Á¦¾î ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¼º´ÉÀ» Çâ»ó½Ã۱â À§ÇØ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ

1855³â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ž Nicholas Minorsky¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦½Ã.

¿À´Ã³¯ ¼ÒÀ§ ºñ·Ê-ÀûºÐ-¹ÌºÐ Á¦¾î±â(PID) ¶Ç´Â 3-¸ðµå Á¦¾î±â(three-mode controller)

¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â Á¦¾î¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾î ¹èÀÇ ÀÚµ¿Á¶Å¸ÀåÄ¡¿¡ Àû¿ë.

1920³â´ë ÈĹݰú 1930³â´ë ÃÊ¹Ý - º§¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡ ±Ù¹«ÇÏ´ø H.W.Bode¿Í H.Nyquist´Â

Çǵå¹é ÁõÆø±âÀÇ ÇØ¼®¹ýÀ» Á¦½Ã.(Á¤ÇöÆÄ Á֯ļö ÇØ¼®°ú ¼³°è±â¹ýÀÇ ¸ðÅÂ.)

1948³â Ç×°ø»ê¾÷¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´ø Walter R. Evans´Â Çǵå¹é½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÆÄ¶ó¹ÌÅÍ º¯µ¿¿¡

µû¸¥ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Æ¯¼º¹æÁ¤½ÄÀÇ ±Ù±ËÀûÀ» ±×¸®´Â ±â¹ýÀ» Á¦½Ã.

-Çö´ëÀÇ ÀÀ¿ë

Á¦¾î½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¹Ì»çÀϰú ¿ìÁÖ¼±»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹è¿Í ºñÇà±â µîÀÇ À¯µµ(guidance), Ç×ÇØ

(navigation) ¹× Á¦¾î ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ³Î¸® ÀÀ¿ë.


1.4 CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Control engineering is concerned with the analysis and design of

goal-oriented system.

The control of an industrial process (manufacturing, production, and so

on) by automatic rather than manual means is often called automation.

Productivity is defined as the ratio of physical output to physical input.


1.5 EXAMPLES OF MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS








(a)Automobile steering control system.





(b)The driver uses the difference between the actual and the desired direction of travel to generate a controlled adjustment of the steering wheel.


C)Typical direction of travel response








1.6 AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY AND ROBOTS

Machines that automatically load and unload, cut, weld, or cast are used by industry to obtain accuracy, safety, economy, and productivity.


1.7 THE FUTURE EVOLUTION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS



























1.8 ENGINEERING DESIGN

Engineering design is the central task of the engineer. It is a complex process in which both creativity and analysis play major roles.
Design is the process of conceiving or inventing the forms, parts, and details of a system to achieve a specified purpose.


1.9 CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

The design of control systems is a specific example of engineering design. Again, the goal of control engineering design is to obtain the configuration, specification, and identification of the key parameters of a proposed system to meet an actual need.






























Figure1.19 The control system design process.


Real application example)









* ITS: Intellent Transportation System


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